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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms, but it could also have negative side effects. If you experience any adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by enhancing the activity in brain areas that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions such as the condition known as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. If you take this medication as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before taking this medication, patients with these conditions must tell their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if you have any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color found in some processed foods as well as some medicines or if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs, including opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These drugs may affect your heart rate and blood pressure. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you have an inherited condition known as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug works on the brain and improves mood. It also eases the symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which can occur during the fall-winter months. It is also used to help smokers quit by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The fixed effect RR pooled for week-6 improvements (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures for those with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions, and women who are nursing or pregnant are not advised to take it. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a type of drugs that work by affecting brain chemical. They were among the first antidepressants developed. Although they are not considered a first-line treatment for depression, they may still be effective for some people. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their levels in neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective for ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are administered on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core ADHD symptoms and decrease anxiety, depression, and the tendency to be impulsive. They can also aid in managing tics. They are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds such as the sound of a throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, including dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and can increase the risk of heart issues. These drugs may interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics and should be avoided in pregnant women. They can also be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns discuss it with your doctor because there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effects profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are antidepressants. They consist of a class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin available to signal. They also decrease anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are used to treat adhd since they can help sufferers with their symptoms and are effective when used in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a very low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This results in blood concentrations that fluctuate. They are also prescribed to treat various conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your physician if you are thinking about taking one of these medicines. It is typical for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is essential to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications do not help adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals, norepinephrine and serotonin. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs have similar negative effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are utilized for many ailments, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. They can also be employed as an adjunct treatment for depression. The SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These medications inhibit the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain that is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of phasic. The increase in norepinephrine levels helps improve mood and attention. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD however, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken orally as pills, but they can be taken as liquids or patches. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It does not have the potential to be abused so it isn't classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but can also help control symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs like duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly lower scores on different ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain drugs. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior to taking these drugs. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication could cause harm to animals and people, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe, effective, and have less adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs may not be suitable for all people. Women who are pregnant or nursing should avoid taking SNRIs because they can pass through breast milk. Patients who suffer from high blood pressure or liver problems should not take them, either, as they could increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. add medication adults (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. Some may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each patient takes time. During this time doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find the right balance between benefits and side effects. Stimulant medications, like methylphenidate can increase the activity of a certain brain chemicals that control memory and concentration. They are generally safe and beneficial for the majority of people, however, they may have serious side effects, such as a decrease in appetite and trouble sleeping. These effects usually disappear after a few weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also take non-stimulant medicines. They take longer to start working, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as Guanfacine. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels, a neurotransmitter in the brain that assists with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this condition.